ACID
Understand the four guarantees β Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability β that database transactions provide to ensure data integrity.
Primary & Foreign Keys
Understand primary keys and foreign keys β how they work, how they differ, and how they enforce data integrity and relationships in relational databases.
Normalization
Master database normalization β 1NF, 2NF, 3NF β with clear examples, step-by-step transformations, and interview questions.
Joins
Master SQL JOIN operations β inner join, left join, right join, full outer join, cross join, and self join β with diagrams, examples, and performance tips.
Aggregation & Filtering
Master SQL aggregation with GROUP BY, aggregate functions, WHERE vs HAVING, and DISTINCT vs GROUP BY β with diagrams, examples, and interview questions.
UNION
Master SQL set operations β UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT β with clear examples, performance tips, and interview questions.
Indexing
Watch a side-by-side comparison of full table scan vs B-tree index traversal. See how indexes dramatically reduce the number of operations needed to find data.
Stored Procedures
Master SQL stored procedures β creation, parameters, control flow, error handling, and best practices. Compare with functions, understand performance implications, and learn when to use them.
Locking
Understand pessimistic and optimistic locking strategies β when to use each, how they work, and their trade-offs for data consistency in concurrent environments.
Materialized Views
Watch how materialized views precompute expensive queries into stored snapshots. See the build, query, and refresh lifecycle in action.
Replication
Watch how write operations propagate across primary and replica nodes under different replication strategies β synchronous, asynchronous, and multi-leader.
Sharding
Watch how write operations get routed to different shards under hash-based, range-based, and directory-based sharding strategies.
Caching
How database caching works β cache hits and misses, read/write strategies, invalidation, eviction policies, and common pitfalls.